INTRODUCTION:
1.1 Background:
Road transportation is one of the
most critical measures of a country's economic standing because it contributes
significantly to economic activity in all countries. Nonetheless, it highlights
negative societal repercussions, including pollution, noise, and accidents. The
transportation industry is the largest source of air pollution in urban areas.
It is the source of local air quality problems (high levels of ambient carbon
monoxide and benzene) and photochemical smog generation. The recurrent
implementation of new emission laws, primarily focused on decreasing automotive
pollutant emissions, has significantly impacted recent pollution trends.
On the other hand, the combined efforts of automobile manufacturers, energy companies, and national government agencies have resulted in significant reductions in local emissions (CO, NOx, NMVOC, Pb, SO2). On the other hand, the continued rise in the share of modern cars (which are more efficient in terms of consumption) has not yet been enough to limit CO2 emissions, a global pollutant produced due to fossil-fuel use (the primary energy source in vehicles.) This is due to the massive and ongoing expansion of mobility.
Due to carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions, road transport also contributes significantly to global warming. This high percentage of air quality deterioration is expected to rise further due to rapid motorization in emerging countries and the continued necessity for private transportation, even in fully motorized portions of the world like Asia and Europe. The preceding facts emphasize the importance of using credible simulations of air pollutant emissions from road vehicles in all cases, including local environmental impact assessment studies, investigations of urban and regional air quality phenomena, national emission estimates, and future scenario projections. As a result, reliable motor vehicle emission models may become increasingly relevant in creating and evaluating air pollution management policies. This research-based study provides a strategy and related computer models that may be viewed as an integrated system that fulfills most of the expectations of organizations and individuals involved in air quality and traffic planning. The Coordination of Information on Air Emissions/Computer Program to Estimate Road Traffic Emissions Approach (COPERT), now utilized in Europe and 28 other nations, serves as the system's foundation.
Increased traffic congestion and air pollution concerns have stemmed from the massive increase in cars on Bangladesh's metropolitan roadways, particularly gasoline and diesel vehicles. With the development of Bangladesh's urban economy, carbon emissions from automobiles have increased to the point where they have become a severe environmental problem with various negative consequences on human health. The first step in attempting to halt this ongoing ecological damage is to conduct quantitative and qualitative analyses of the emissions produced by various automobiles used by individuals to bring it to their attention and warn them about using a model of car or type of fuel that has more emissions than others. As a result, individuals may switch to alternative energy sources or modes of transportation to positively impact the situation on a personal level. This thesis intends to implement a strategy commonly used in Bangladesh in European countries. Specific case studies also give a modified design based on the same concept for emission profiles with high geographical and temporal resolution. This study also presents a method for generating reliable emission forecasts and displays different results from relevant applications. The remaining uncertainties in car emission models are discussed separately. Previous papers and studies have highlighted the approaches that have been developed. This study's primary focus is on the results of the model's use in estimating emissions in Bangladesh.
1.2 Importance of the Research:
Bangladesh was ranked 146th out of 187 countries in the 2011 Human Development Index, and Dhaka has been named one of the world's most unlivable cities by the Global Liveability Report regularly. These low scores are mainly due to traffic congestion and air pollution (Asian development bank, 2012). Diverse traffic congestion and delays, poor public transportation, a lack of safety and comfort for pedestrians, and rising air pollution characterize Dhaka's transportation circumstances (World Bank, 2009).
Estimated emissions are helpful to a wide range of users, including national, state, and local departments, consultants, and industry, for improving emission control methods, determining the suitability of licensing and control programs, determining the impacts of sources and good ways to mitigate, and a variety of other application areas. When estimating a source's emissions, a statistical result from various source-specific emission trials or continuous emission monitoring is frequently used since it accurately portrays the tested source's emissions. Testing data from individual links, on the other hand, is not always available, and even when it is, it may not precisely reflect the variance of absolute emissions over time. Despite their flaws, emission factors are frequently the best or only method for calculating emissions. When we look at the road public transportation sector, we can see a significant producer of greenhouse gas emissions. There are two types of emissions produced by gasoline and diesel fuel. First, emissions are produced when gasoline is burned, the largest source of emissions from road transportation. Volatile fuels and lubricants can also cause evaporation. The focus of this study is on combustion-related emissions. On the other hand, driving an automobile has a variety of drawbacks, including accidents, road damage, air pollution, traffic congestion, and dependence on oil.
According to Uddin and Mizunoya (2019), the construction of expressways may help alleviate external diseconomies.
When measuring a metropolitan area's footprint, the transportation sector is crucial. A high number of autos pass through the city every day. They rely heavily on fossil fuels. When these fuels are utilized in the chambers of these cars, they regularly release a substantial amount of CO2 into the atmosphere. As a result, to reduce the impacts of increased CO2 in the air, some methods must be implemented to take this extra CO2 from the environment.
Environmental characteristics,
vehicle circumstances, fuel specifications, traffic conditions, and other
factors all impact the emission inventory of gasoline cars. Several emission
models have been developed worldwide based on a specific element or combination
of these elements to quantify various types of emissions. Our purpose is to
investigate whether COPERT 5.5 is a viable emission model for Bangladesh.
